In the last several months, critical race theory—a 40-something-year old academic theory that was once obscure and exclusive to legal academia—has made rounds on national news shows, school board and community meetings, and even around dinner tables across the country.
In a November 2021 survey of this publication’s readership, we specifically asked three questions:
- Do you know what critical race theory is and if so, please explain?
- Do you believe it is being taught in our public-school systems?
- Do you agree, or not, with the basic tenets of the theory?
The responses were telling about the general public’s perception of critical race theory.
Critical Race Theory, In Your Words
Here’s what you said:
The names of many of these movements and talking points are not clear. BLM, Defund, critical race theory. They leave much to the imagination and are not clear on exactly what they stand for. We need some simple slogans and wording so that people can understand what is fundamentally behind them. And I’m not completely clear in what any of them mean; and I’ve even researched. —Lee Norwood, Severna Park
Don’t know who is teaching it, but certainly every American needs to be provided the data showing that one piece of racism and our failure to achieve social justice lies in the area on inequality under the very law that purports to be blind to appearance. The idea is right, but the application of blind justice is nonexistent. —Carol Chisholm, St. Michaels
Critical race theory is being taught, but I guess the educators don’t want to call it that. For them, it is all about equity where the government wants to determine the outcome for selective “oppressed” groups, rather than equality where everyone has an equal opportunity to achieve success. In addition to their teachings about race, our students are asked to sexually identify as something and what pronoun they want to be used to describe them and to question their sexual identity. No wonder kids are confused. —Julia Jones, Edgewater
Personally, I believe objections to Critical Race Theory (CRT) is a continuation of beliefs by many that America’s identity is eroding. What is puzzling is that any state’s action to ban its teaching can only apply to public sector schools. Private schools may choose to include the theory in its curriculum. Moderate religious groups may discuss the theory. What do anti-CRT people think will happen when a private school student talks about CRT with a friend who attends public school? —Michael Alexander, Annapolis
CRT is an analytic concept taught in higher education, college, and graduate schools. It is not part of any public-school curriculum. The concept of CRT is that race has always played a part in the development of the American nation. From the obvious evils of slavery to Jim Crow and other overt policies to less visible things like restricting loans to non-white peoples and businesses, red-lining in urban and suburban development, and the restriction of voting rights and access across the country.
As a former university and public school history teacher, I made it a point to challenge the minds of my students to see issues and events in context but also to see the short and long term effects of said issues and events. Historically, there are many things that have more than one viewpoint, as when the U.S. Constitution states, “We the People,” what does “people” mean?
Racial discrimination is not an issue of the past. The success of the Civil Rights movement was a major step towards equality but not the end. One need only look at recent events in streets all over the country to conclude that America is a work in progress, and we have a long way to go. Discussing Critical Race Theory is a vital part of that process. —John Ebley, Arnold
As usual, a fairly straightforward exploratory subject has been blown out of proportion so far that the issue has become unrecognizable. What is, in my opinion, a legitimate effort to develop critical thinking skills regarding the state of race in this country is now a political cruise missile. I know from experience as a teacher that kids are eager to think deeply, but I also know from experience that parents do not generally want kids with critical thinking skills. Further, I know from social and personal experience that, simply put, the deck is stacked against my black friends and neighbors. It is only deniable if you don’t spend reflective time with black people, and then get all your information about this issue from dumbed-down media, social or otherwise. —Lawrence Wood, Williamsburg
I do not know what Critical Race Theory teaches but I do believe it’s important for students at the high school level to understand the background of race as a part of American history. —Leslie Price, Annapolis
The central tenet of CRT is that race was embedded into American society from the very beginning and that’s it’s still an issue today. I don’t think it’s being taught, but I think it should be—hey, the early settlers enslaved both indigenous persons as well as black Africans (but not whites), and even as recently as the 1930s redlining, a federal policy, kept blacks from becoming homeowners. Today, we see the voting rights of non-whites being threatened in a broad swath of states. Institutionalized racism has certainly contributed to the private individual racism that we see and that the black, Latino, and Asian communities experience. Ignoring racism is no way to address the problems of racism. Just as kids can be taught at an early age to be racist, they can be taught not to be racist. —Marc Knapp, Annapolis
I don’t believe I have heard of this and I’m kind of shocked because I do watch the 5 a.m. news to 7 a.m. and, again, I watch the 5 p.m. news until 6:30 p.m. I do not have a child in school and the last time my son was in school it was in 2008. Maybe that’s why I haven’t heard of it. I like to know things, know enough to make an educated decision on whether I support it or not. —Lisa Linthicum, Brandywine
My understanding is that CRT is a theory about the complicated origins and current remnants of institutional racism in this country. CRT seems to be a topic in some graduate and law school classes. Having taught in K–12 public schools for 30 years, I can say that CRT never came up and is not on any curriculum I ever saw. It is not taught. I think, given that laws discriminating against large segments of our population were on the books until the Civil Rights Era, it would be surprising if there weren’t lingering issues with race in our country and that CRT seems a good way of trying to trace and study where/how it operates. —Susan Buckingham, Chester
This begs the question: what exactly is critical race theory?
Critical race theory (CRT) is an academic theoretical approach to studying law. It examines the relationship between law, race, and racism. Specifically, it is a practice or approach that provides language and a lens for examining racism at institutional and structural levels.
Underlying this is the premise that racism is endemic to American society and that racial supremacist ideals (particularly white supremacy) and practices should be dismantled. The theory was born after the Civil Rights Movement and began in legal studies in the 1970s, spearheaded by the late Derrick Bell, Harvard University’s first Black tenured law professor, to address what he saw as shortcomings in understanding how discrimination and inequity are perpetuated in the law.
Following Bell’s lead, a group of legal scholars—Mari Matsuda, Charles R. Lawrence III, Richard Delgado, and Kimberlé Crenshaw—published a ground-breaking book on the theory, Words That Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech, and the First Amendment, in 1993, further cementing the concept.
CRT grew from Critical Legal Studies (CLS), which itself argued that the law was not objective or apolitical. CLS’ objective is to understand the ways that law makes racial discrimination appear to be inevitable; that makes racial disparities appear just to be there rather than the product of policies, practices, of structures. CRT looks at the way in which law facilitates racism, the way in which racism is embedded in the law itself, and proposes solutions for eradicating racism in our society while acknowledging and challenging the law’s role in creating both race and racism.
Foundational questions that underlie CRT and the law include: how does the law construct race?; how has the law protected racism and upheld racial hierarchies?; how does the law reproduce racial inequality?; and how can the law be used to dismantle race, racism, and racial inequality?
What CRT is not, is the idea that all white people are racist. CRT does not attribute racism to white people as individuals or even to entire groups of people. “It is not a study of inherent qualities of race. It is not saying that people are racist by nature of their genetics. It is not saying that there is even race by nature of genetics,” says one of the leading CRT scholars Kimberlé Crenshaw.
A July 2021 national opinion survey conducted by Reuters found that 57 percent of adults said they were not familiar with the term critical race theory. Those who said they were familiar with it answered follow-up questions that revealed otherwise. For instance, 22 percent of those who said they were familiar with critical race theory also think it is taught in most public high schools. It is not. Thirty-three percent believe it “says that white people are inherently bad or evil” or that “discriminating against white people is the only way to achieve equality.” It does not. Rather, CRT simply assumes racial supremacy is bad in all forms, regardless of how and where it appears, or who is exercising it. In other words, teaching young people about race and racism is not synonymous with teaching them critical race theory.
What’s all the fuss about?
With that backdrop, it is difficult to conceptualize how this could possibly have become so controversial. To be sure, resistance to critical race theory is not novel. However, it has taken over headlines in recent times in the wake of the national protests and social justice movement that began in mid-2020. After the height of the protests, news outlets, particularly on television, began airing segments featuring conservative and liberal pundits that demonstrated a potent mix of opinion, hyperbole, and, in many cases misinformation, about critical race theory. Suddenly, critical race theory was being used as a blanket term to describe a very broad range of cultural constructs. Manhattan Institute senior fellow Christopher F. Rufo summarized the intent of the backlash against CRT in a tweet: “The goal is to have the public read something crazy in the newspaper and immediately think ‘critical race theory.’ We have decodified the term and will recodify it to annex the entire range of cultural constructions that are unpopular with Americans.”
Suddenly, Americans on both sides of the political aisle were examining the intricacies of critical race theory and debating whether its tenets were weaving their way into the lexicon of public and private policy, government, and, of course, education systems.
The criticism of CRT was crystallized on September 22, 2020, when an Executive Order was enacted on Combating Race and Sex Stereotyping banned “divisive” and “un-American” workplace training that is “rooted in the pernicious and false belief that America is an irredeemably racist and sexist country.” The order was said to have “abolished critical race theory from the federal government, the military, and all federal contractors.”
Recent calls to “Ban” CRT in classrooms
The September 22nd executive order has since been revoked. But that did not put the controversy surrounding CRT to rest. Indeed, quite the opposite occurred. In addition to CRT being the talk of the town, it has now become the subject of several legislative acts across the country. Per an analysis by Education Week, 27 states have proposed legislation to ban CRT in schools, and eight states have effectively “banned” CRT and related topics from being discussed in schools. As of August 2021, twelve states have passed legislation or enacted policies to “outlaw” CRT in schools. The legislations mostly ban the discussion, training, and/or orientation that the U.S. is inherently racist as well as any discussions about conscious and unconscious bias, privilege, discrimination, and oppression. These parameters also extend beyond race to include gender lectures and discussions.
This is not just happening on the state level. In the past few months, several members of Congress have introduced legislation that would: 1) reduce federal funding for schools that teach lessons based on the New York Times’ controversial 1619 Project; 2) ban D.C. schools from teaching critical race theory; and 3) prohibit the teaching of CRT in military schools.
In Maryland, an Anne Arundel County councilman sought to introduce a similar anti-critical race theory bill, which failed in a 3-4 vote on October 18, 2021. Councilman Nathan Volke (R-Pasadena), author of the bill, believed the County must clearly define “discrimination” by law and cited critical race theory as an example of discrimination. “At times, ideas associated with critical race theory can be discriminatory and are not positive for the future of our county,” Volke said when asked about the bill.
The language in the bill specifically characterized critical race theory as exacerbating and inflaming “divisions on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, religion, color, national origin, or other criteria in ways contrary to the unity of the nation and the well-being of our citizens.” Volke defended his position that the bill is not an ‘anti-critical race theory bill’ but rather a “non-discrimination measure” and sought to amend the bill to remove the phrase on the evening of the debate.
In addition to its definition of discrimination, the bill sought to restrict the use of county funds for discrimination as defined. Anne Arundel County Public Schools (AACPS) has said that critical race theory is not part of their curriculum. However, in March 2021, AACPS launched AACPS Unites, a reading initiative “that diversifies student literary experiences by reflecting and celebrating the diversity of the AACPS community.” Had Volke’s bill passed, AACPS Unites would violate the law, resulting in the school board losing funding.
Where is CRT taught?
Whether CRT is being taught is the subject of contention that lies at the heart of the current national debate. The truth is, despite all the efforts to ban the teaching of CRT in K–12 education, critical race theory is not being taught in K–12 schools. Talbot County Superintendent Kelly L. Griffith put it plainly, “…critical race theory is not a curriculum, rather [it is] an academic umbrella of reflections and writings developed in higher education (colleges, universities, law schools, and graduate schools) since the mid-1970s.”
Even though CRT is not a topic in most K–12 curricula, some legislators, elected officials, and their supporters, have referenced it in connection with any lesson or training that acknowledges racially oppressive practices. Randi Weingarten, the head of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) called the movement against critical race theory a “culture campaign” that attempts to suppress the truth, “limit learning, and stoke fears about our public schools” at the July 6, 2021 AFT conference. Weingarten believes “culture warriors are labeling any discussion of race, racism, or discrimination as CRT to try to make it toxic.”
“As a curriculum subject, critical race theory is largely within the purview of university law schools and some graduate programs. It’s a method of examination taught in law school and college that helps analyze whether systemic racism exists—and, in particular, whether it has an effect on law and public policy,” Weingarten says. For instance, a cursory search of the course catalogs of the 12 institutions within the University System of Maryland (USM) reveals that only one school (the university of Maryland school of law) offers a course entitled “Critical Race Theory.” The University of Baltimore offers a critical legal theory course as part of its pre-law program partnership with its law school (UB law school) and UMCP offers a course through its women’s studies program focused on feminist, queer, and critical theories.
Should CRT be taught everywhere?
Most, if not all, of the discussion centered on CRT boils down to a single question: should CRT be taught in classrooms? Talbot County Superintendent Griffith believes that “…while critical race theory is not a curriculum taught in Talbot County classrooms, students need to learn about race and racism. We cannot ignore race or racism in our teaching. We must teach the full breadth and complexity of our extraordinary history for all of our children to better understand how they will help America to be “a more perfect union” and to improve itself for the rights and benefit of all of its citizens.”
Weingarten believes the restrictions on teaching sought by this movement against critical race theory would harm students. “These culture warriors want to deprive students of a robust understanding of our common history…This will put students at a disadvantage in life by knocking a big hole in their understanding of our country and the world.”
The answer to the overall question depends on whether one believes K–12 students need “to know our [country’s] history and to consider its layers, its contradictions, and its complexities,” as Griffith does.
Yvette N. A. Pappoe is Visiting Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law and teaches a Spring semester course on Critical Race Theory—the first of its kind in the 205-year history of the school.
Editor’s Note: Multiple requests for general commentary on the subject to more than 20 members serving on the Anne Arundel, Queen Anne’s, and Talbot County school boards went unanswered for this article.
