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Charles Deas’ circa-1843 painting titled Sioux Playing Ball depicts the aggressive and, often, brutal nature of lacrosse as played by Native Americans to settle disputes and territorial issues.
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The vastness of early lacrosse battle fields, which could span for miles and involve hundreds of competitors, is conveyed in George Catlin’s circa-1850 oil painting Ball Play of the Choctaw.
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Lacrosse became a formalized sport in Canada and the U.S. by the mid-1800s.
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The Callahan brothers were star players at Annapolis schools and Washington College in the 1950s.
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The Annapolis Recreation and Parks boys lacrosse league in 1959 was regarded at the time as, likely, the only such organized lacrosse program in the nation for young boys.
A history of how the greater Baltimore region and its athletic talent fostered a once-tribal sport, lacrosse, and elevated it to the mainstream
In 2004, Mike Miller, then-President of Maryland’s Senate, introduced legislation to establish lacrosse as the official Team Sport of Maryland. Since 1962, jousting, the world’s oldest equestrian sport and created for calvary combat training in the Middle Ages, had been and still is the official Sport of Maryland. Senator Miller’s great-grandfather had been a champion jouster. But in this new century, lacrosse was taking the world by storm and the greater Baltimore region had been a major innovator and incubator for the growth of the sport—a fast-paced game once tagged by Baltimore sportswriter W. Wilson Wingate as “the fastest game on two feet.” It is a game that requires stamina, individual skill, and especially teamwork. And so, it was. Lacrosse was officially recognized as the State’s Team Sport.
Famed American writer John McPhee once opined in The New Yorker, “American toddlers learn to handle lacrosse sticks in certain locations more than in others…notably in Baltimore.” How did our region become this center of America’s oldest sport—maybe the world’s oldest, if one accepts that the Algonquian tribes of Canada and the Great Lakes, and the Iroquois of upstate New York, were engaged in this game 3,000 years ago? For the Native Americans, “stick ball” developed warrior skills, settled disputes between tribes, and involved hundreds of players determined to claim victory by throwing a wooden ball from a wooden stick made with gut webbing through the opponent’s identified goal that could be miles apart. These early “games” could continue for days. They also held spiritual significance. It was called “the game of the creator.”
Early Innovators
The transfer of this game to white culture occurred in Canada in the 1600s when missionary Jean de Brebeuf wrote about his experience seeing the game. He dubbed it “La Crosse” after a bishop’s crosier, a replica of a shepherd’s crook. By 1850, Montreal dentist William Beers founded a lacrosse club and set about writing rules for the game; 10 players, not hundreds, on a designated field, with five-foot sticks, and a three-inch diameter ball, as per the native game equipment. Yet, this was still hundreds of miles from Baltimore.
New Yorkers and New Englanders picked up the sport outlined by Beers. New York University was the first college to create a team in 1877. Harvard and Yale soon followed. By 1881, the first intercollegiate game was played between Harvard and Princeton, with Harvard winning 3-0. Exeter and Andover High Prep Schools followed in 1882.
But a funny thing happened “on the way to Baltimore’s future.” In 1878, The Baltimore Athletic Club traveled to Newport, Rhode Island, for a track meet. They also saw a lacrosse game and were so taken by what they saw that they bought up a bunch of lacrosse sticks—the heavy wooden kind that would exist until the 1970s—and brought them back to Baltimore. Johns Hopkins University (newly founded in 1876) embraced the sport, formed a team in 1882, and became the incubator for the growth of lacrosse in the Baltimore region. Johns Hopkins, a new powerhouse, obtained championships among its peers in 1891, 1899, 1900, 1902, and 1903. City and Poly High Schools formed teams and soon prep schools, including McDonough, St. Paul’s, Gilman, Boys’ Latin, St. Mary’s, and Severn, followed by public schools including Towson High School, Annapolis, and Glen Burnie founded lacrosse teams. Bryn Mawr School in Baltimore founded the first women’s high school team in 1926.
Sportswriters in Baltimore followed the teams as heavily as other jurisdictions publicized football. By the 1930s, with a new, major university and multiple high schools engaged in the sport, and stoked by the media, Baltimore had a quantity and quality of skilled lacrosse players unsurpassed by any other region.
Even so, according to John McPhee, by the 1940s “nationally, about one-hundredth of one percent of the U.S. population had heard of lacrosse and five thousandths of one percent had ever played the sport.” The majority of that population found its home in the Baltimore region, with Long Island, New York, much of upstate New York, and New England also in play. Fewer than 50 colleges fielded lacrosse teams.
In 1940, the new U.S. Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association introduced competition between the senior all-star players from the colleges of the north and south. The first North/South game was played in Baltimore’s Municipal Stadium and was won by North 6-5. The next year, South won 6-5 on Hopkins’ Homewood field. And the back and forth continued. Journalist Jack Kelly would call the 1958 North/South game “one that will likely remain in the record book for many years” when a thundering South attack pummeled North with 26 goals. Fifteen of the 21 South team players hailed from the Baltimore region, including Joe Dyer from Annapolis. In total, 13 different players scored goals. The South had fielded its strongest team ever from students that had cut their teeth on the lacrosse fields of local high schools.
But it was the 1959 game that was described by sports writers as the best game they had ever witnessed. After the 1958 South win, an embarrassed North team was allowed to send as many players as they chose. The game went back and forth. In the last minutes of play, Mickey DiMaggio scored to tie the game and then assisted the game-winning goal for the South. Local headlines declared “South Serves the North Two Mickies,” referring to DiMaggio of Washington College and Mickey Webster of Johns Hopkins University—both future Hall of Famers.
In 1957, a different matchup altogether between Syracuse University and the University of Baltimore featured a scoring dueling match between star players Jim Brown and Allan Cosgrove. Brown, from Manhasset Secondary School on Long Island and who would become one of the greatest running backs in National Football League history, scored five goals for the Syracuse Orange. Later in life, he would say, “Lacrosse is probably the best sport I ever played. I could run. I could duck. I could express myself freely.” Cosgrove, a Patterson Park kid, scored seven goals in that game, tying the college record set in 1946 by Navy’s Lee Chambers.
Local Legends
Established as a collegiate sport in the 1800s, lacrosse nevertheless sputtered along. By the 1930s fewer than 36 colleges boasted teams. St. John’s College in Annapolis was one of them, claiming three championships before dissolving sports and returning to the classic liberal arts college it is today. Regardless, Annapolis became another hotbed of talent.
In 1952, St. Mary’s High School’s lacrosse team would experience the battle of the DiMaggio brothers in a square off with Charlotte Hall. St. Mary’s was a powerhouse with Hezzy Howard, Jim Keating, and Henry Ciccarone—all eventual Hall of Famers. Saints’ goalie Don DiMaggio would be peppered by his older brother Mickey DiMaggio, who was playing opposite him for Charlotte Hall. St. Mary’s won the game 8-6, however all six goals for Charlotte Hall were scored by Mickey, who would go on to play for Washington College and become an All-American midfielder. Joining Mickey at Washington College was Dick Callahan (who became a Director of Annapolis Recreation & Parks) and Joe Seivold, a midfielder cited by Baltimore Sun sportswriter Bill Tanton as the best in the country at his position.
Hall of Famer Seivold graduated in 1958 just as Coach Clark was shaping underclassmen DiMaggio, Callahan, and the entire Shoremen squad into a championship team in the Laurie Cox League. In the 1950s, college teams were grouped in leagues, not divisions. But there was really only one classification. All teams, from the big universities and small colleges, played each other. All-American athletes were chosen by a committee judging all players equally. Team rosters were short with little capacity for substitution, which meant player stamina was required for those who, often from necessity, played the entire 60 minutes of games. The press identified Washington College for its outstanding midfield, followed the Annapolis duo closely, and often declared in bold headlines “DiMaggio, Callahan Shine….”
Lacrosse was a new sport for Callahan who was a basketball star (with professional opportunities in the sport) at Annapolis High School, which also had a lacrosse program with Hall of Fame pedigree. John Simmons, a 1952 graduate, landed at University of Maryland helping the Terps to two national championships in 1955 and 1956. Buddy Beardmore, who would become a lifetime coach for many programs, also landed at Maryland and set the school record at the time for 108 goals and assists. Mule Jennings became a dual All-American in soccer and lacrosse at Washington College, joining DiMaggio and Callahan, and became an extraordinary officiating legend in a field short on officials. That Washington team also featured Annapolitans Lee Curry and Buzz Brandenburg on a stout defense.
Other players, from Towson High School—Skip Rudolph, Bill Litzinger, and Herb Moore—filled the team. All-American Moore, who graduated from Washington College in 1959, had the nation’s highest save rate as a goalie. The Naval Academy honored him with the Richard Seth Award, given to the best athletic performance by an opposing team member. Moore recorded 40 saves against Navy in games Washington College lost.
At the time, college championships were determined by win/loss record, so competition to win was high. A scouting report by the University of Virginia on the Washington College team stated:
“DiMaggio…small but quick and tough…this man is more than half of their total attack, so he has to be stopped. He must be knocked down. Callahan is big, fast, and aggressive. He is mostly right but can shoot and cut left. All of their defensemen are aggressive and even middies will go over the head for the ball.”
Washington won that game versus Virginia. Moore describes beating Virginia and then Washington & Lee as a thrill. The Shoremen had four winning seasons between 1956 and 1959, with a team full of All-Americans. In 1959, Annapolitans Mickey DiMaggio, Dick Callahan, Bob Schwartzberg, Lee Curry, Buzz Brandenburg, and Mule Jennings were All-Americans. Towson High School grads Skip Rudolph, Herb Moore, and Karl Rippelmeyer filled out that year’s All-American list of Marylanders.
Rippelmeyer, or “Rip” as he was known, starred for Navy. A top scorer and three-time All-American, he was awarded the Naval Academy Athletic Association Sword award in 1960 for his athletic excellence. He also lettered in track and soccer, and led the Midshipmen to its first national championship that same year, which kicked off Navy’s “Decade of Dominance.” Under Coach Willis Bilderback, Annapolis’ hometown team won eight consecutive national championships in the 1960s.
Sports Illustrated featured Rip’s athletic prowess. Describing him as a “fast attackman with a knack for bullying his way around defensemen.” DiMaggio described his encounter with Rip as totally exhausting him and Callahan, causing a tied game to be lost 8-6. A tired Washington College team with a slim roster of 13 including two new players, meant everyone was playing 60 minutes in the fast-paced game. Navy was not handicapped with a short roster. The Annapolis boys—Callahan, DiMaggio, and Jennings—kept the game tied until the last two minutes. Nevertheless, they made a good showing of themselves against a tough Navy team that was on the brink of seven more championship years.
The National Lacrosse Hall of Fame & Museum is located in Sparks Glencoe, Maryland, and features collections of lacrosse equipment, sticks, jerseys, photography, and other memorabilia that traces the history of the sport. The museum is open to the public, but has limited hours due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which frequently adjust. Visit usalacrosse.com/national-lacrosse-hall-fame-and-museum for the most updated information. Images photographed by Ellen Moyer at the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame.
The Sport Grows
The 1950s onward experienced a burst of activity for advancing lacrosse regionally. Eventually, this growth would extend nationally and internationally. There were many Baltimore-area high schools that trained an abundance of future All-Americans and Hall of Fame players. Towson High School began its effort in 1930. Over the years, between 1935 and 1975, it would name 53 All-Americans to the sport and a handful of future Hall of Famers. Under Coach William Thomas in the 1960s and ’70s, 31 players would achieve All-American awards.
There are the Corrigan brothers—all four, including Gene and George, who played at Loyola High School, and Jim and Dick, alums of Poly—who would make countless contributions to the sport in their lifetimes. Dick and George played together on the University of Maryland team that won the 1955 championship. In 1958, Dick won the Jack Turnbull Award as nation’s outstanding attackman (he even scored 9 goals in one game versus Navy that season). Dick would graduate and become an assistant coach at Navy in 1960 before taking reigns of the Yale program from 1965–70. His brother Gene led Virginia and Notre Dame’s programs for years. They all stayed engaged in lacrosse athletics, passing their interest on to their kids and their grandkids, who, too, would excel in the sport as players and coaches, spreading the Baltimore connection around America.
In 1957, the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame was established to honor these outstanding men and women of the sport. Since then, 325 lacrosse greats have been honored, many from the State of Maryland. The Hall of Fame was headquartered on the Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University but moved to a larger space incorporating a museum and archives in Sparks Glencoe, Maryland. Today, Ernest “Skip” Lichtfuss, a 1971 Towson High alum and Hall of Famer himself, manages the facility. Joe Finn is the archivist that can give you data on any game or person that embraced this sport.
Agostino “Mickey” DiMaggio and Karl Rippelmeyer’s Hall of Fame memorialization at the National Lacrosse Hall of Fame.
With national interest growing in lacrosse, the pressure was on to open doors for playing opportunities. Less than 50 colleges offered varsity lacrosse in the 1950s. This increased to 84 by 1965 and doubled again by 1975. Today, there are 600 universities with more than 417 men’s programs, and 526 women’s. Today 30,000 players are engaged in collegiate lacrosse.
With foundational roots in Annapolis, youth lacrosse leagues have also grown to all 50 states. A report by the Annapolis Recreation & Parks Department in 1959 featured a photo of young boys with lacrosse sticks above a caption that read, “perhaps the only boys lacrosse league in the nation is held under our department.” Today, boys and girls of all ages can join lacrosse programs from East Coast to West.
Internationally, lacrosse was first contested in the Olympics in 1904, again in 1908, but never since, as a medal sport. Though Johns Hopkins University demonstrated the sport at Olympic events in the 1950s, it remained nonexistent at the games. But, by a recent vote of the International Olympic Committee, lacrosse will return as an Olympic sport at the 2028 Los Angeles Summer Games.
Spring is the time to watch the “fastest game on two feet” as teams return to the field and rivalries renew. It is the time to watch the symphony of running, dodging, ducking, and sling-shotting a three-inch ball past the net’s guardian to score a goal. There is no other sport quite like the official Team Sport of Maryland.
Lacrosse may have started as a battle game to settle tribal disputes and train warriors 3,000 years ago in Canada and upstate New York. But it is the greater Baltimore region that captured the sport, nourished it, built it better, and introduced lacrosse to the rest of America…and the world.
