The Washington Monument (left), designed by Robert Mills, was installed at the intersection of Mt. Vernon Place and Washington Place on November 25, 1829. The Lafayette Monument (right), sculpted by Andrew O’Connor, Jr., was dedicated in the shadow of the Washington Monument on September 6, 1924. Creative commons license.
Maryland Firsts: An article series exploring our state’s contributions to American industry
Maryland’s quarries provided the literal building blocks of our growing nation
From 1797 to 1861, Baltimore, Maryland, was a fast-growing port city and the largest city in the American south. Its mill industry dominated the flour trade. In the wake of the War of 1812, it was called the “Rome of the U.S.” and a leading cultural commercial center. The city was rich with printers, publishers, and booksellers. The Delphian literary club was founded and published 48 books on history and travel, nine books of poetry, one play, and 19 speeches. So vibrant was Baltimore on the Patapsco, that it became natural for this city to create several firsts that impacted the new nation. It is, however, amazing how many of Maryland’s contributions are overlooked.
The story of the Washington Monument is a case in point. Think of the monument, and your mind may go to the 555-foot obelisk on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., which was completed in 1895. The first Washington Monument, however, was erected in Baltimore as the leading symbol of pride and gratitude toward our founding father. Construction began in 1815 and was completed by 1829. It was constructed of white marble supplied by the quarries of Baltimore County.
Marble is a metamorphic rock formed from limestone—the sedimentary rock that lined the seashore of our very ancient continent 550 million years ago. Sometime during Ordovician geologic period, the Appalachian Mountains grew, and the heat and pressure placed upon the shallow sea transformed its sand and limestone into marble. Baltimore County is underlain by this complex rock, which sits adjacent to another ancient rock—1.1-billion-year-old gneiss beneath Towson.
Beaver Dam Quarry in Cockeysville, Baltimore County, photographed in 1898 for the Maryland Geological Survey Volume Two.
Top: Beaver Dam Quarry workers photographed in 1890. Many of the workers were Irish immigrants who formed the small town Texas, Maryland. Bottom: The Washington Monument and Mount Vernon Place in Baltimore, photographed in January, 1912.
Driving today’s roads through the bucolic rolling hills and open spaces of agriculture and horse country, who would think that this area contributed building blocks for our nation’s monuments and major buildings—their architectural beauty symbols of the aspirations of the new Republic? For Benjamin Latrobe, who was tasked with rebuilding D.C. after the War of 1812, white, shiny, beautiful, hard marble was the preferred building material. And marble was close by, throughout the Piedmont Plateau.
Conversations about a memorial to George Washington, though, had begun much earlier—soon after 1783. But the fledgling D.C. capital was slow to act, so Baltimore, a fast-growing, up and coming city, formed a committee in 1807 to plan the funding and construction of the first monument to George Washington. The state was also invested in this effort to outdo Washington, D.C., and authorized a lottery to fund the endeavor in 1810. The design by Robert Mills—the first native-born American with architect training—of a colossal Doric column 178-feet tall, to be made of white marble, was chosen in 1814. Col. John Eager Howard, a Revolutionary War hero and leader of the Maryland Line regiment, donated land from his Belvedere estate north of downtown for the monument site. Land also included space for a plaza that became the city’s historic Mt. Vernon Square, which is surrounded, today, by the Peabody Institute, Walters Art Gallery, Enoch Pratt Free Library, and Maryland Historic Society within the Pratt Mansion.
Marble was contributed by Charles Ridgely from his quarry near the historic Hampton mansion near Goucher college in Towson, but the largest contribution came from Mrs. Frances D.T. Taylor, who owned Beaver Dam Quarry in Cockeysville. Her trustee, Josh Cockey, praised her for the patriotic gift without charge. The Taylor’s home near Cockeysville was in a company mill town named Warren, which would eventually be flooded to “quench the thirst of Baltimore” in 1922.
Mining marble was not an easy task in 1815. All work had to be done by hand with chisels, hammers, and picks. Most of the work was done by Irish immigrants who formed a small town, named Texas, on the road to Beaver Dam Quarry. Settled in 1805, today the town is a rapidly disappearing village. Its landmark tavern “Don’t Worry About It” was owned by James B. McDermott (who is in the State Boxing Hall of Fame) and closed in 1991 to make way for the central Light Rail line.
The chiseled-out marble was moved by oxen into the city. Beaver Dam Quarry was not connected to a railroad and steam-driven transportation until 1866, well after Baltimore’s Washington Monument was completed and dedicated. Baltimore celebrated its monument in a great ceremony on July 4, 1815, with the cornerstone laid. From its beginning, it was a destination and active memorial. Throughout its construction, it was visited by President James Monroe.
The monument is crowned with a statue of George Washington resigning his commission from the Continental Army that occurred on December 23, 1783, in the Annapolis State Capital, which solidified civil government “of, by, and for the people” in the new nation. Enrico Causici, who was employed carving reliefs in the U.S. Capitol building, carved the statue from a 36-ton piece of Beaver Dam marble at the site. It was raised in 1829 and tradition recalls a shooting star dashed across the sky. Herman Melville wrote in Moby Dick, “George Washington stands high aloft on his towering mast in Baltimore and like one of Hercules pillars, his column marks that point of human grandeur beyond which few mortals will go.”
The wings of the U.S. Capitol Building in Washington, D.C., feature 108 columns made of marble mined from the Beaver Dam Quarry. Photograph by Ken Lund.
The brilliant white marble of Beaver Dam Quarry is found in 108 columns within the wings of the U.S. Capitol. The first 152 feet of D.C.’s Washington Monument is Beaver Dam marble. It’s also in the Maryland State House and government building facades in Detroit, Baltimore, New York City, and many other metropolises.
Baltimore County, a beautiful place to visit, is the best rock hounding spot for quartz and marble formed many millions of years ago. It’s a county dotted with small lakes formed by multiple quarries mined in the 1800s and closed by 1930.
Beaver Dam, once a clanging industrial quarry, is now fully submerged in water. It was flooded in 1934 and has been a privately-owned swimming center ever since. Forty feet deep, its clear water is a thrill to swim. A swinging rope, the “Tarzan Swing,” is a main attraction. If the quarry depth is scary, there are pools on site to also swim.
Today, Beaver Dam Swimming Club operates the filled-in quarry as a summertime day-resort, where swimming and recreation are the main draw. Creative commons license.
Next door to Beaver Dam was a smaller swimming center quarry called Beaver Springs. Once surrounded by country landscape, the area is now overtaken by urban buildings. Beaver Springs was sold by Josh Cockey in 1991 to a hotel chain and has disappeared, as have most of the small quarries in Baltimore County. Nearby Oregon Ridge in Cockeysville remains as a county park and swimming center quarry—it once mined iron ore.
Beaver Dam Quarry, though surrounded by commercial buildings, also prevails. It is enjoyed by thousands that may not know the stories of the once-noisy clanging hammers and chisels of the Irish immigrants—those that hand-mined the 440-million-year-old marble that built the memorials, monuments, and great buildings of our nation.
